Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma begins in the basal cells — a type of cell within the skin that produces new skin cells as old ones die off.

Basal cell carcinoma often appears as a slightly transparent bump on the skin, though it can take other forms. Basal cell carcinoma occurs most often on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun, such as your head and neck.

Most basal cell carcinomas are thought to be caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Avoiding the sun and using sunscreen may help protect against basal cell carcinoma.

Symptoms

• A pearly white, skin-colored or pink bump that is translucent, meaning you can see a bit through the surface. Tiny blood vessels are often visible. In people with darker skin tones, the lesion may be darker but still somewhat translucent. The most common type of basal cell carcinoma, this lesion often appears on the face and ears. The lesion may rupture, bleed and scab over.
• A brown, black or blue lesion — or a lesion with dark spots — with a slightly raised, translucent border.
• A flat, scaly, reddish patch with a raised edge is more common on the back or chest. Over time, these patches can grow quite large.
• A white, waxy, scar-like lesion without a clearly defined border, called morphea form basal cell carcinoma, is the least common.

Causes

Basal cell carcinoma occurs when one of the skin's basal cells develops a mutation in its DNA.

Basal cells are found at the bottom of the epidermis — the outermost layer of skin. Basal cells produce new skin cells. As new skin cells are produced, they push older cells toward the skin's surface, where the old cells die and are sloughed off.

Risk factors

• Chronic sun exposure
• Radiation therapy
• Fair skin
• Increasing age
• A personal or family history of skin cancer
• Immune-suppressing drugs
• Exposure to arsenic
• Inherited syndromes that cause skin cancer

Complications

• A risk of recurrence
• An increased risk of other types of skin cancer
• Cancer that spreads beyond the skin

Prevention

• Avoid the sun during the middle of the day
• Wear sunscreen year-round
• Wear protective clothing
• Avoid tanning beds
• Check your skin regularly and report changes to your doctor. 

Conclusion

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Journal of Molecular Oncology Research

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